意外！咳嗽几个月没好，"罪魁祸首"竟是…
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">有网友发帖表示，自己咳嗽了2、3个月，也去做了各种检查、拍了CT，都没发现什么异常，中医西医都试了，就是没治好咳嗽。后来，</span><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;line-height: 18px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">发现家里的马桶下面有密密一圈黑色的霉菌，其实就是曲霉菌的聚集地。</span></strong></span><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">后来清理了一下重新封了一下胶，咳嗽竟然神奇地好了！</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">浙大二院感染性疾病科吴学杰副主任医师表示，曲霉菌是一种典型的丝状真菌，占空气中真菌的12%，主要以枯死的植物、动物的排泄物及动物尸体为营养源。</span><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;line-height: 18px;">在门诊中，曲霉菌感染并不少见，尤其是曲霉菌性肺炎。</span></strong></span></span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">“不要忽视霉菌对身体的危害”的相关词条最近也在社交媒体引起热议。许多网友分享家中墙体发霉，家人出现不适的情况。霉菌究竟有哪些危害？如何远离霉菌？</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 16px;">网友热议霉菌危害</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;">国际公认的致癌物</strong></span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">出现胸背疼痛、反复咳嗽症状，可能吸入了大量霉菌而引起“肺部真菌感染”。这个时候，家里往往会出现大量霉菌。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">北京协和医院变态反应科副主任医师王良录在一档节目中表示，</span><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>霉菌是一种很强的致癌物，被世界卫生组织列入一等致癌物，毒性是砒霜的68倍。</strong></span><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">霉菌有致畸的能力，致畸主要是针对孕妇，如果孕妇比较多接触这种毒素，有可能引起胎儿的畸形甚至导致流产，在动物实验中发现这种物质能够引起小鼠的畸形和流产。此外，</span><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>霉菌还会致过敏，它引起的严重过敏反应可以导致死亡。</strong></span></span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">王良录介绍，常见的霉菌有：链格孢、枝孢，在北京空气中最常见，可引起过敏、过敏性鼻炎，甚至哮喘；青霉，在发霉的食物上常见，可以引起呼吸道过敏；黄曲霉，在发霉的粮食中常见，例如粮食里的黄色的米粒、有哈喇味发苦的花生米当中都含黄曲霉，可引起肝癌；烟曲霉，可引起过敏、感染、真菌性肺炎。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">一项发表在《协和医学杂志》上的我国霉菌感染流行病学分析的多中心回顾性研究显示，以曲霉属引起的感染占比最高为84.8%，其次是镰刀菌属、毛霉目和赛多孢霉等霉菌造成的感染，在霉菌引起的常见感染性疾病中以下呼吸道、耳部、眼部和皮肤感染较多见。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 16px;">图片来源：协和医学杂志微信公众号</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="color: rgb(58, 122, 174);outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;">藏匿霉菌</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;">主要有三个意想不到的区域</strong><br style="outline: 0px;"/></span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">南方城市由于气候潮湿，容易滋生霉菌。但事实上，作为自然环境的一部分，霉菌无处不在。在温暖干燥的情况下，霉菌只在空气中飘着。一旦它遇到了水，就会瞬间活过来，并不断繁殖。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">“全球变暖，再加上碳排放导致的二氧化碳浓度高的环境，对霉菌生长也是有利的。“北京大学人民医院呼吸内科主任医师马艳良曾在接受媒体采访时说。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">据了解，日常许多家居用品都能给霉菌提供养分，帮助霉菌安家落户，例如木料、墙纸、石膏板、地毯、织物等。当湿度＞75%，温度在20摄氏度至35摄氏度之间，并且有有机质作为生长的营养基础，霉菌孢子会长出菌丝或分支。霉菌一边生长，一边还散发出挥发性的有机化合物，也就是我们能够闻到的霉味。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">王良录提示，</span><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(217, 33, 66);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>藏匿霉菌主要有三个意想不到的区域，第一个就是调料，第二个就是冰箱的密封条，第三个就是洗衣机。</strong></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;">老年患者等人群</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;">要尽量减少霉菌暴露</strong><br style="outline: 0px;"/></span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">相关研究显示，血液恶性肿瘤患者、器官移植患者、肿瘤化疗患者、长期使用免疫抑制剂者、长期使用广谱抗菌药物患者、重症监护病房患者、老年患者以及重症病毒或细菌感染者等，这类人群患病风险高，因此要尽量减少霉菌暴露。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">霉菌感染导致的临床症状往往并不典型，仅仅依靠症状并不能确定是否感染了霉菌。专家介绍，对付霉菌首选培养，如果有肺部感染症状，最好的送检标本是肺泡灌洗液、纤支镜痰标本的培养，能较快真实地培养出致病菌。此外，还包括血清抗体检测、呼吸道病原体靶向测序和质谱鉴定和影像学检查。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">有哪些措施可以预防感染霉菌？专家建议，在怀疑有霉菌污染或粉尘较多的地方戴好口罩，避免与霉菌或者患者直接接触，降低空气传播的风险。注意个人和环境的清洁卫生，避免或少接触霉变的食物或物品。在衣橱、鞋柜、书柜、洗手间放一些防虫防霉制品，例如樟脑丸，活性炭等。</span>
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<span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">饮食方面也要注意，除了把食物烧熟煮透外还需在适当的温度下保存，当食物霉变时，应果断丢弃。同时多运动，提高自身免疫力，保持良好的生活习惯，积极治疗慢性疾病。</span>
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