【共享法庭·普法专栏】离婚后彩礼嫁妆到底归谁?
<p style="text-indent:47px"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">社会传统的婚姻模式一直都是“男娶女嫁”——男方出彩礼,女方出嫁妆。这些年,彩礼翻着倍地上涨,嫁妆的数额也水涨船高,特别是沿海一带为最。这无形中给双方家庭带来了巨大的压力,也加剧了后续的纠纷——离婚后彩礼嫁妆到底归谁。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong> </strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #44546A; font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>基本案情:</strong></span></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">原告徐某与被告陈某经人介绍相识相恋,为缔结婚姻,原告父母特购买小汽车一辆,并将该车作嫁妆于婚前赠与给原、被告,并将车辆登记在原告名下。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">婚后,夫妻双方因性格差异较大,经常发生争吵。为此,原告诉至法院,请求法院判令解除与被告的夫妻婚姻关系,并依法分割夫妻共同财产。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">本案在审理过程中,原、被告双方均表示同意离婚,但对于该已作嫁妆使用的车辆,该车是否构成夫妻共同财产,双方持有不同的观点。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #44546A; font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>法律观点</strong></span></strong><strong><span style="color: #44546A; font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>:</strong></span></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">依照《民法典》第六百五十七条可知,赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人,受赠人表示接受赠与即可使赠与合同的生效。本案中,原告父亲将车辆作为嫁妆给原、被告二人,该行为属于典型的赠与行为,自原告父母将该车辆及车钥匙交付原、被告夫妻双方,且原、被告对此予以接受时,该赠与合同即发生法律效力,且财产的权利发生了转移。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">依照《民法典》第二百二十四条规定:“动产物权的设立和转移,自交付时发生效力,但法律另有规定的除外。”第二百二十五条规定:“船舶、航空器和机动车等物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭,未经登记,不得对抗善意的第三人。”可知,船舶、航空器和机动车此类特殊动产采用的是登记对抗主义,而非登记生效主义,该类动产完成交付时,物权转让即发生效力。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">综上所述,认定该车辆为夫妻共同财产,较为适合本案处理。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #44546A; font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>律师解读</strong></span></strong><strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong></strong><strong><strong> </strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">本案焦点,作为女方父亲婚前将自己名下的车辆以嫁妆的形式过户登记在男方名下的归属权。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>1.视为婚前男方财产。</strong></strong>女方父亲在女方婚前将车登记在男方名下,是一种以结婚为目的的附条件赠与。在办理结婚登记后,条件达成,车辆归属于男方。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>2</strong></strong><strong><strong>.</strong></strong><strong><strong>视为共同财产。</strong></strong>依照《民法典》第224条规定,动产物权的设立和转让,自交付时发生效力。女方父亲在女方婚前购买车辆登记男方名下,并将车辆交付双方使用的行为,可以视为对双方的赠与。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">第二种观点目前更符合司法实践的**实务。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #44546A; font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>律师建议:</strong></span></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>一、</strong></strong><strong><strong>婚前</strong></strong><strong><strong>财产:</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">1.婚前个人所有的动产</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">2.婚前全款购买且已经登记在个人名下的不动产</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">3.婚前财产的孳息</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">4.因受到人身损害获得的赔偿或者补偿</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">5.一方专用的生活用品</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">6.受遗嘱或者赠与合同中确定只归一方的财产</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>二、</strong></strong><strong><strong>夫妻共同财产:</strong></strong>除上述取得的个人财产外,原则上婚姻存续期间双方取得的所有财产。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong>三、</strong><strong><strong>当事人返还彩礼的</strong></strong><strong><strong>基本情形</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">1.双方未办理结婚登记手续的;</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">2.双方办理结婚登记手续但确未共同生活的</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">3.婚前给付并导致给付人生活困难的</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>第二、第三项需以离婚为条件才可请求返还。</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">除上述外司法实践中也有遇到双方虽然已经办理结婚登记且共同生活过,但是登记时间不超过1年的,法院也会酌情判决返还部分彩礼。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>四</strong></strong><strong><strong>、婚前财产的</strong></strong><strong><strong>四</strong></strong><strong><strong>个建议</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">1.婚前财产存入专属账户,避免与婚后财产混同。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">2.婚前购买的房屋或车辆,要登记在个人名下,避免因登记在对方或双方名下导致资产混同。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">3.婚前采取一次性付款方式购房。若个人首付购买房产,婚后双方共同还按揭的话,离婚时就需补偿对方现金了。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">4.父母赠与个人的财产,写明单方赠与协议,确认财产的来源与归属。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><strong>法律依据:</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">《民法典》第1062条、第1063条、第1065条</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;">《最高院关于适用<民法典>婚姻家庭篇的解释(一)》第5条</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Apple Color Emoji", "Emoji Symbols Font", "Segoe UI Symbol", Arial, sans-serif;"> 浙江嘉瑞成(乐清)律师事务所:林峰</span>
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